ABSTRACT
Background: To date, no studies have been published at evaluating the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of dietary, particularly regarding to urolithiasis in patients or the general population. This study aims to provide basic information on the level of knowledge, awareness and dietary practice among general population in Kuantan, Pahang.
Design and Methods: The respondents (n=30) were conveniently recruited within 10 kilometres radius of Kuantan city. The data were obtained using semi-guided administered questionnaires, which consists of four parts: socio-demographic data, lifestyle and clinical history (Part A); attitude and awareness on dietary practice regarding urolithiasis (Part B); food frequency questionnaire on urolithiasis (Part C) and level of knowledge on urolithiasis (Part D).
Results: Majority of the respondents were women (70%), Malay (83.3%), mean age of 33.97 (±9.27), married (63.3%), completed higher education level (60%), working with government sector (33.3%) and have fixed monthly income (53.3%). Some of them had hypertension (n=4), diabetes (n=1), gout (n=1) and intestinal problem (n=1). Majority (80%) claimed having no family history of urolithiasis, consumed alcohol (10%), exercise with average frequency 2-3 times/week (46.7%) and heard about urolithiasis from healthcare worker (46.7%). The respondents’ awareness about urolithiasis is considered to be good [81.23 (±9.98)] but having poor knowledge score [2.70 (±1.149)]. Majority preferred wholemeal bread, white rice, chicken meat, mackerel fish, chicken egg, apple, carrot, mustard leave and fresh milk in daily intake. Lesser plain water intake than standard requirement was noticed among respondents. Seasoning powder was commonly used for seasoning.
Conclusions: Generally, the general population of Kuantan, Pahang was aware of urolithiasis disease but needed more information on dietary aspect in terms of knowledge and food choice.
REFERENCES
Liu Y, Chen Y, Liao B, et al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. Asian J Urol 2018;5:205–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.007
Nouri AI, Hassali MA. Assessment of the prevalence of kidney stone diseases in a Malaysian teaching hospital. Afr J Urol 2018;24:180-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afju.2018.05.003
Sudabeh A, Gholamreza P, Mohammed EFEH, Noor Buchholz, et al. National profiles of urinary calculi a comparison between developing and developed worlds. IJKD 2016;10:51-61.
Daniel TS, Perene VP, Kelly AH, Tania S, et al. The impact of income and education on dietary habits in stone formers. Urology 2010;76:307–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.11.028
Strope SA, Wolf JS Jr, Hollenbeck BK. Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease. Urology 2010;75:543-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007
Kok DJ. Metaphylaxis, diet and lifestyle in stone disease. Arab J Urol 2012;10:240–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2012.03.003
Bazyar H, Ahmadi A, Zare Javid A, et al. The association between dietary intakes and stone formation in patients with urinary stones in Shiraz. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019;33:8.
López M, Hoppe B. History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediat Nephrol 2010;25:49–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-0960-5
Koyuncu HH, Yencilek F, Eryildirim B, et al. Family history in stone disease: How important is it for the onset of the disease and the incidence of recurrence? Urol Res 2010;38:105–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-009-0249-6
Haddock RL, Olson DR, Backer L, et al. Urolithiasis, urinary cancer, and home drinking water source in the United States territory of Guam, 2006–2010. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060523
Krieger JN, Kronmal RA, Coxon V, et al. Dietary and behavioral risk factors for urolithiasis: Potential implications for prevention. Am J. Kidney Dis 1996;28:195–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(96)90301-7
Fakhoury MQ, Gordon B, Shorter B, et al. Perceptions of dietary factors promoting and preventing nephrolithiasis: a cross-sectional survey. World J Urol 2019; 37:1723–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2562-6
Fatemeh S, Shiva H, Mahnaz S, et al. The role of dietary habits in urinary stone disease. Int J Urol Nurs 2014;8:137–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijun.12052
Binsaleh S, Habous M, Madbouly K. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns of recurrent urinary stones prevention in Saudi Arabia. Urolithiasis 2016;44:135–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-015-0815-z
Moussa M, Abou Chakra M. Patient’s perception of kidney stone prevention within the emergency department and its adherence factors: a single institution study. BMC Emerg Med 2019;19:48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-019-0263-0
Akter Halim KM, Shirin S, Ratna K, et al. Knowledge regarding renal stone among the nurses working in a selected specialized hospital in Bangladesh. Int J Community Med Public Health 2019;6:2768-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192808
Alghamdi SYS, Alamri AMA, Alzahrani RAM, et al. Awareness about symptoms and role of diet in renal stones among general population of Albaha City. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018;70:50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0042983
Almuhanna AM, Alomar M, Alsalman HK. Public Awareness towards renal stone causes, symptoms and management amongst Saudis. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018;70:544–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0043804
Manstead ASR. The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. Br J Psychol 2018;57:267-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12251
Wróbel G, Kuder T. The role of selected environmental factors and the type of work performed on the development of urolithiasis – a review paper. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2019;32:761–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01491
Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Noroozian M, et al. Performing content validation process in development of questionnaires. Iran J Epidemiol 2011;6:66-74.
Ruchi B, Jihye K, Joyce EM. Candidate surveys on program evaluation: examining instrument reliability, validity and program effectiveness. Am Educ Res J 2014;2:683-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/education-2-8-18
Baatiah NY, Alhazmi RB, Albathi FA, et al. Urolithiasis: Prevalence, risk factors, and public awareness regarding dietary and lifestyle habits in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2017. Urol Ann 2020;12:57-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/UA.UA_13_19
Sweta B, Archana NS, Tewari D. Urolithiasis: an update on diagnostic modalities and treatment protocols. Indian J Pharm Sci 2017;79:164-74.
Rao AAK, Sairam A, Hiranmayee C, et al. Role of non- dietary factors in the causation of Urolithiasis. MRIMS J Health Sci 2016;4:93-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-7006.302257
Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Management of chronic kidney disease in adults. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health; 2011.
Siti Noorkhairina S, Norhasyimah G, Nur‘Ain I, et al. Educational needs assessment and the management of chronic kidney disease in a Malaysian setting: a review. Int J Care Schol 2018;1:34–8.
New Straits Times [Internet]. Rise in renal failure cases alarming, says expert. 2015. Accessed: 2018 July 31. Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/rise-renal-failure-cases-alarming-says-expert